![]() Despite some voices may be hushed, loud or difficult to discern, the main part of the hearing sounds is audible. may be acting as a voice of their conscience). Voices are often related to individuals’ lives, and they are often described as messengers, communicating something that can be very important for hearers (i.e. They can experience voices principally because of sleep deprivation or major life stressors and can be intra- or extracranial. In healthy people, AVHs are isolated experiences that can be associated with psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, suspiciousness or withdrawal from family and friends. ĪVHs indicate auditory perceptions of speech, with pragmatic properties similar to “real” speech. Reported hallucinations are perceived as real, as demonstrated by Aggernaes’s study, later confirmed by Barrett and Caylor and Garrett. Although there is not a univocal consensus concerning the definition, the DSM-5 delineates hallucinations as perceptions-like experiences that others would not sense and do not exist outside one's perception (DSM-5).Īccording to Romme and colleagues hallucinations are a disorder of perception that people describe as being located in the external world (ego-dystonic), with the same qualities of “normal” perceptions, but in the absence of external stimuli. Moreover, it might favour the development and implication of different treatments considering emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal sensitivity on the clinical populations.Īuditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVHs) are often associated, in psychiatric contexts and everyday life, with the universe of mental illness. ![]() ![]() This can be helpful in therapies for non-clinical populations who are distressed by their voices (e.g., psychotherapy), and for whom shame, and guilt may contribute to negative consequences such as isolation, anxiety or future depression. Conclusionsĭue to the high heterogeneity detected and the scarce sources available, further studies should focus on both the aetiology and the bidirectional relationship between hearing voices, shame, and guilt in non-clinical people. The role of guilt was characterized by few studies and mixed results, while shame was mainly common. Phenomenological, pragmatic, as well as neuropsychological features of hearing voices in non-clinical populations, allowed us to note a dynamic relationship and the constellation of subjective experiences that can occur. ResultsĮleven studies that explored the relationship between AVHs, shame and guilt, were extracted. Included papers were evaluated for risk of bias. We searched studies reporting information about voices characteristics, the relationship between voices and hearers, hearer's reactions, and beliefs, paying peculiar attention to shame and guilt issues. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of studies that investigated the relationship between auditory hallucinations, shame, and guilt in people without relevant signs of psychiatric issues. As such, they direct our attention to aspects of AVHs that are under-researched and elusive, particularly about the status of voices as others, their social implications and the constitution and conceptualisation of the self. Shame and guilt are emotions related to one's perception of oneself and one's responsibility. Despite Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVHs) having been long associated with mental illness, they represent a common experience also in the non-clinical population, yet do not exhibit distress or need for care.
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